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SQL SERVER 2008

 DATABASE:

A database is a collection of information that is organised so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.

ANOTHER DEFINITION OF DATABASE:

A stuctured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accexxible in various ways.

DATABASE TABLE:

Database table is a tabular format format and it is used to store the dat of our application, sofware, orgaization etc.

Table is  made of rows and columns.

A row represents a record.

A column represents a field.

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retriieving data in databases.

What is SQL?

SQL stands for  structured query language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

SQL is an ANSI ( american national stadards institute ) standard.

What can SQL do ?

SQL can execute wueries against a database

SQL  can retrieve data from a datbase

SQL can insert records in a database

SQL CAN UPDATE RECORDS IN A DATABASE

Sql  CAN DELETE RECORDS FROM ADATABASE

SQL can create new database

SQL can create new tables in a database

SQL can create stored procedures in a database

SQL can create views in a database

SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, an views

RDBMS

RDBMS stands for relational database management system.

RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS SQL server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, MYSQL and microsoft access.

The data in RDBMS is stored in datbase objects called tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in the customers table consist of customerID, customerName, ContactName, , address, city, postalcode and country. A fieeld is a column in a table that is designed to maintain specific information about every record in the table.

A record, also called a row , is each individual entry that exists in a table.

A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information associated ith a specific field in a table.

INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER

Orgaizations often maintain large amonts of dat, which are generated as a result of day-to-day operations.

A database:

    Is an organized from of such data.

                May consist of one or more related data items colled records.

                Is a data collectio to which different questions can be asked.

For example,

                What are the phone numbers and addresses of the five nearest post

                Do we have any books in our library that deal with health food:

DATA AND DATABASE

DATA : Data is raw , unorganized facts that need to be procesed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.

Example: 71000 – no meaning, unorganized

INFORMATION: when this data is gahered, analyzed and processed, it yields information.

Example: 71000 postal code of hydrabad sindh.

DATABASE : A database is an organized collection of data such that its contents can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF DATBASE: A phone book is a database consisting of name, addresses, and telphone numbers.

DATA MANAGEMENT

Data management deals with managing large amount of information, which involves:

                The storage of information

                The provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information

                Providing safety of information stored under various cercumstances

The two different approaches of managing data are as follows:

                File-based systems

                Database systems

FILE-BASED SYSTEMS

In a file-based systems data id stored in discrete files and a collection of sucsh files

Is stored on a computer.

Rows in the table were colled records and columns were colled fields.

                Data redundancy and inconsistency

                Data isolation

Concurrent access anomalies

Security problems

Integrity problems

Databse systems.

Database systems evolved in the late 1960s to address common issues in applications hanling large volumes of daa, which are also data intensive.

At any point of time, data can be retrieved from the database, added, and searched based on some criteria in these databases.

Databases are used to store data in an efficient and organized manner. A database allows quick and eas management of data.

Data stored in this form is not permanent. Record in such manual files can only be maintained for a few months or few years.

ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

                The amount of redundancy in the stored data can be reduced

                No more inconsistencies in data

                The stored data can be shared

                Standards can be set and followed

                Data integrity can be maintained. (no repetition and null values)

                Security of data can be implemented.

ENTITY :

                An entity is a person, place, thing, object, event, or even a concept, which can be distinctly

                Identified.

                Each entity has certain characteristics known as attributes.

                For example, the student entit might include attributes like student

                Number, name , and grade. Each attribute should be named appropriately.

                For examples, the entities in a university are students, faculty members, and

                Course.

                A grouping of related entities becomes an entity set. Each entity set is given

                A name. the name of the entity set reflects the contents.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS):

a.       A DBMS is a collection of related records and a set of programs that access

       And manipulate these records and enables the user to enter, store, and manage data.

b.      A database is a collection of interrelated data, and a DBMS is a set of program used to add or modify this data.

c.       DBMS supports one of the four database models.

EXAMPLES :

a.       Computerized library systems

b.      Flight reservation systems

c.       Automated teller machines

d.      Computerized parts inventory systems

User program

 

Database system

 

Application program / query

                                  DBMS software

Software to process

Queries / programs

 

Software to access stored data

Database         database

DATABASE MODEL IN SQL SERVER

a.       Databases can be differentiated based on functions and model of the data.

b.      The analysis and design of data models has been the basis of the evolution of databases.

c.       Each model has evolved from the previous one. The commonly used datbase models are as follows:

d.      A data model describes a container for storing data, and the process of storing and retrieving data from that container.

Flat-file data model

1.       In this model, the database consists of only one table or file.

2.       This model is used for simple databases – for example, to store the roll numbers, names, subjects, and marks of a group of students.

3.       This model cannot handle very complex data. It can cause redundancy when data is repeated more than once.

HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL

1.       In this model, different records are inter-related through hierarchical or tree-like structures

2.       A parent record can have several children, but a child can have only one parent.

3.       To find data stored in this model, the user needs to know the structure of the tree.

                                                                 

COLLEGE

INFRASTRUCTURE

STUDENTS

COURSE

LAB

TEORY

TEACHERS

                     

DEPARTEMENT

 

                                    

NETWORK DATA MODEL:

a.       This model was developed to overcome the problems of hierarchical model

b.      This model is similar to the hierarchical data model. It is actually a subset of the network model.

c.       The set theory of the network model does not use a single-parent tree hierarchy. It allows a child to have more than one parent. Thus, the records are physically linked.

Departement                                                                                                      student Course                                                                                                professor

unit

id

name

name

no

student

course

name

id

Name

No

  

The advantage of such a structure are specified as follows :

Relationships are easier to implement in the network datbase model than in the hierarchical model.

This model enforces database integrity.

This model achieves sufficient data indeendence.

The disadvantages are specified as follows:

The database in this model are difficult to design.

The programmer has to ve familiar with the internal stuctures to access the database.

RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

Edgar frank codd (19 agustus 1923 – 18 april 2003) was an english computer scientis who, while working for IBM, invented the relational model for database management in 1969.

In this relational data model where all data is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations ( tables).

The term ‘Relation’ is derived from the set theory of mathematics. In the relational model, unlike the hierarchical and network models, there are  no physical links.

All data is maintained in the form of tables consisting of rows and columns. Data in two tables is related in the form of tables consisting of rows and columns. Data in two tables is related through common columns and not physical links.

This led to the development of what came to be called the relational model database.

Operators are provided for operating on rows in tables. This model repesents the database as a collection of relations.

employee					departement
Emp_id	Emp_name	Address	Dept_id		Dept_id	Dept_name
100	Joseph	Clinton town	10		10	Accounting
101	Rose	Fraser town	20		20	Quality
102	Mathew	Lakeside village	10		30	design
103	Stewart	Troy	30
104	william	holand	30

a.       A row is called a tuple or record.

b.      A column is called an attribute.

c.       The table is called a relation.

d.      Several attributes can belong to  the same domain.

ATTRIBUTES

Example – a relation STUDENT

RELATION NAME

STUDENT            

Name	Ssn	Home_phone	Address	Office_phone	Age	GPA
HENDRI	12-15-55	5913330	KEDUNGREJO	03335920002	18	3.21
BASUKI	15-13-65	5912345	MUNCAR	03338450001	20	2.21

RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS)

Ø  Relational model is an attempt to simplify datbase structures.

Ø  An RDBMS is a software program that helps to create, maintain, and manipulate a relational database.

Ø  A relational database is a database divided into logical units called tables, where tables are related to one another within the database.

Ø  Represents all data in the database as simple row-column tables of data values.

Ø  Tables are related in a relational database, allowing adequate data to be retrieved in a single query ( although the desired data may exist in more than one table). Example: SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle is a RDBMS softwarre.

Relationship base on keys Order_id item Order_id Invoice_nmr Order_date R001 Files R001 1001 01/02/2019 R002 Pens R002 1002 01/10/2019 R003 pencil R003 1003 02/12/2019

Order table                       order detail table

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

Mysql server 2008

Example :

                Create  database sekolah;  tanda untuk meng akhiri perentah sql

                Use student;

                Create table student (student_id int, student_name varchar (50), nis int, klas varchar(50);

Select * from student; asterik merupakan pilihan semua.

Mengisi data.

                Insert into student values (1,’basuki’,12,’10th’);

                Insert into student values (2,’anwar’,12,’11th’);

                Insert into student values (3,’bambang’,12,’12th’);

 Or        insert into student (student_id,student_name) values (4,’sigit’)

 Try to app sqlserver.

SQL Constrants.

SQL Conxtraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.

This enseres the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.

Constraints can be column level or table level. Column level constraints apply to a column, and table level constraints apply to the whole table.

The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:

NOT NULL – ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.

UNIQUE – ensures that all values in a column are different.

PRIMARY KEY -  a combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.  Uniquely identifies each row in a table.

FOREIGN KEY -  uniquely identifies a row/record in another table.

CHECK – ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition.

DEFAULT – Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified.

INDEX – Use to create and retrieve data from the datbase very quickly.

sekian dulu ... tunggu kelanjutan definisi triger dan CURD

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